Решение с объяснением только а 12. 15 .

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1.
По уравнению Менделеева-Клапейрона PV=mRT/M
Δm=PVMΔT/RT1T2
V=50 м³    R=8.31 ΔT=40 T1=313.15 К ,T2=273.15 К
P(обычное атмосферное)=10^5 Па
М(молярная масса воздуха)=29*10^-3
Δm=50*10^5*29*10^-3*40/8.31*273,15*313,15=5800000/710812=8.16=8кг
Разница в 8 кг
2.
Опять также
PV=mRT/M=>PV=pVRT/M=>(cокращаем V с обеих сторон)P=pRT/M
p=PM/RT T=273.15+15=288.15 К
молярная масса азота 0.028
p=101.3*10³*0.028/8.31*288,15=101.3*28/124.65=2836/2395=1.18 кг/m³
теперь температура при плотности 1
P=pRT/M=>T=PM/pR=101.3*10^3*0.028/1*8.31=2836.4/8.31=341 К