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america is a nation of risk-takers. most americans are descendants (потомок) of immigrants who left the known of the old world for the unknown of the new.
the pioneers who lived on the frontier had a hard life, so they had to be tough and self-reliant.
frontier men and women were often facing new problems and situations which needed new solutions (решение). under these circumstances (условия), they soon learned to experiment with new inventions and new ways of doing things. this willingness to experiment and invent led to another american trait, a sense of optimism that every problem has a solution.
the frontiersmen had to overcome (преодолевать овладевать) new territories, they were moving from east to west. americans are always on the move — from one part of the country to another, from one city to another, from farm to city.