Peter I, or Peter the Great (1672-1725), was one of the most outstanding rulers and reformers in Russian history. He was at first a joint ruler with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V, and his sister, Sophia. In 1696 he became a sole ruler. Peter I was Tsar of Russia and became Emperor in 1721. As a child, he loved military games and enjoyed carpentry, blacksmithing and printing. He was first married at the age of 17.Peter I is famous for carrying out a policy of 'westernization' and drawing Russia further to the East that transformed Russia into a major European power. Having travelled much in Western Europe, Peter tried to carry western customs and habits to Russia. He introduced western technology and completely changed the Russian government, increasing the power of the monarch and reducing the power of the boyars and the church. He reorganized Russian army along Western lines.He also transferred the capital to St. Petersburg, building the new capital to the pattern o/European cities.In foreign policy, Peter dreamt of making Russia a maritime power. To get access to the Black Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Azov Sea and the Baltic, he waged wars with the Ottoman Empire (1695—1696), the Great Northern War with Sweden (1700-1721), and a war with Persia (1722-1723). He managed to get the shores of the Baltic and the Caspian Sea.In his day, Peter I was regarded as a strong and brutal ruler. He faced much opposition to his reforms, but suppressed any and all rebellion against his power. The rebellion of streltsy, the old Russian army, took place in 1698 and was headed by his half-sister Sophia. The greatest civilian uprising of Peter's reign, the Bulavin Rebellion (1707—1709) started as a Cossack war. Both rebellions aimed at overthrowing Peter and were followed by repressions. Peter I played a great part in Russian history. After his death, Russia was much more secure and progressive than it had been before his reign.
Вот русский вариант: Тула является одним из старейших городов России. Ее исторический возраст больше, чем у Москвы. Издревле этот край был населен славянским племенем вятичей. Об этом свидетельствует множество сохранившихся до наших дней курганов и городищ. Вятичи промышляли тем же, чем и многие их современники: возделывали землю, занимались ремеслом, торговлей. В течение первых столетий своего существования Тула ничем не отличалась от других населённых мест этого края. Это было небольшое, огорожено частоколом поселение - острог, расположенный на островке при слиянии рек Упы и Тулицы. Тула впервые упоминается в Никоновской летописи XVI века. Упоминая военные действия 1146 года в рассказе о том, как новгород-северский князь от воинственных братьев, скрылся в лесах вятичей и затем с оставшейся ратью ходил собирать дань с Тулы и других городов Никон говорит так: «Святослав Ольгович, идее в Рязань, и быв во Мценске и в Туле, и в Дубке, на Дону, и в Ельце, и в Пронске, и придя в Рязань на Оку». Из этого можно сделать вывод, что к моменту первого упоминания город уже существовал, однако установить хотя бы приблизительную дату основания города невозможно. Вполне вероятно, что возникновение поселения относится к XI—XII векам. Впрочем, некоторые историки, основываясь на том, что это упоминание является вставкой в текст, сделанной позднейшими летописцами XVI века, не признают достоверным такое свидетельство. Но и они не отрицают существования какого-то поселения на "старом городище", о котором упоминается в писцовых книгах, при впадении в Упу речки Тулицы. Так что вполне возможно, что история Тулы началась еще в IX-XI веках, когда та была одним из маленьких укрепленных поселений. А вот английский вариант: Tula is one of the oldest cities in Russia. Its historic age is greater than that of Moscow. Since ancient times, this region was inhabited by the Slavic tribe Vyatichi. This is evidenced by the set of surviving mounds and mounds. Vyatichi hunted the same things, and many of their contemporaries: cultivated land, engaged in trade, commerce. During the first centuries of its existence, Tula was no different from other populated areas of the province. It was a small, fenced stockade settlement - the prison, located on an island at the confluence of the river Upa and Tulitsa. Tula was first mentioned in Nikon's chronicle of the XVI century. Referring to the military action in 1146 in the story of how Novgorod-Seversky Prince to escape the militant brothers disappeared in the woods Vyatichi and then with the rest Ratiu went to collect tribute from Tula and other cities Nikon says: "Svyatoslav II of Kiev, the idea in Ryazan, and having been in Mtsensk and Tula, and Oaks, on the Don, and in Yelets and Pronsk, and come in Ryazan on Oka ". From this we can conclude that at the time the first mention of the city already existed, but have at least an approximate date of founding of the city impossible. It is likely that the origin of the settlement refers to the XI-XII centuries. However, some historians, based on the fact that this mention is inserted into the text by later chroniclers made the XVI century, do not recognize a valid certificate. But they do not deny the existence of some settlements in the "old fort", which is mentioned in the scribe books, at the confluence of the river Upa Tulitsa. So it is quite possible that the history of Tula began in the IX-XI centuries, when it was one of the small fortified settlements.
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