Fear is an emotional state in the presence, or anticipation of a dangerous stimulus. Often it becomes intense like anger. Fear means being afraid of or panic. Fear for loud sound, strangers, unknown objects, new places, dark shadows and darkness, seclusion, imaginary objects and withdrawal of love etc. are common with children. Children are afraid of various animals including frogs, rats, insects, snakes, cockroaches, etc.
Tiger and elephant bring out emotion of awe and surprise. Children are afraid of demons, thieves, villains in operas and movies. J.B. Watson in the course of studying the emotional behavior of a boy named Albert found that he was conditioned to fear a previously neutral object- a white rat. When this eleven-month-old Albert was shown a white rat he reached for it, showing no fear response. But every time he touched the rat he was hearing a loud sound, which made him frightened of the rat. He soon developed fear for the rat. Thus rat became a “conditioned stimulus” to fear. Albert also was conditioned by Watson to fear white furry objects; furry coats etc. (Watson and Rayner, 1920).
Some fears are acquired through conditioning process. The child comes to fear both lightning and thunder as one follows the other. But thunder is the primary reason for fear. Fear also is learned through contact with punitive objects (for example, electric shock while exploring an open switch board).
Some are learned through imitation of parental and sibling fears. Watson also added that the loss of body support evokes fear. In families parental physical punishments, verbal reprimand, forced toilet training; doctors with injection syringe are the causes of emotion.
In adult life the loss of security on account of unemployment, retirement, demise of companions, natural calamities like super cyclone or plague, poi unrest and old age etc. causes fear response.
Due to fear, the behaviors affected are: pounding of heart, and rapid pulse rate, tense muscles, dryness of the throat, churning in the stomach, frequent nature-call for urinal trembling, confusion, fainting, inability to concentrate, wetting and soling one’s dress and crying aloud etc. Responses to the fear emotion are usually expressed through anxiety, flight and feeling miserable.
Fear to the objects or events, when becomes irrational, is called “phobia” Phobic reactions of fear are persistent and intense, and not based on so judgment. For example, fears of public speaking, fear of public toilet, fear of eating in public are the examples of social phobia.
It is known from experimental studies that phobias can develop through classical conditioning. These irrational fears can be eliminated and cured through classical conditioning methods. Fear emotions can be rectified by the following techniques: (i) counter-conditioning process, (ii) desensitization process, and (iii) exposure to fearless models.
In many countries around the world, school uniforms are an integral part of school life. In Russia, the school uniform was canceled in 1994, but since September 1, 2013, the uniform has been returned to almost all schools. The choice of the type of school uniform depends on the school administration and parents. Basically, these are skirts and blouses for girls and a classic suit with a shirt for boys. But many schoolchildren are unhappy with this innovation, because this process has its positive and negative sides.Let's start by looking at the positive side of introducing the form. First, school uniforms smooth out social inequality. Children from less wealthy families do not feel complexes about their appearance, because everyone looks the same. Second, buying a uniform will significantly reduce your clothing costs during the school year. Thirdly, the school uniform disciplines, helps to tune in to the educational process. Fourthly, the question of the everyday choice of clothes disappears. Fifth, the introduction of school uniforms can help students make them one team.
But, on the other hand, the school uniform has its drawbacks. First, the loss of individuality. According to many children, the uniform deprives them of the opportunity for self-expression in the independent choice of clothing. Secondly, by the end of the year, the uniform may look sloppy, since the same clothes have to be worn every day throughout the school year. Thirdly, for a year the form can get bored. Fourthly, the shape may not correspond to the weather conditions. In the warm season, it can be hot in jackets, and in winter, girls will be freezing in skirts. Fifth, many types of forms, unfortunately, do not look very nice.I believe that a school uniform is needed. Form will not interfere with self-expression or deprive individuality if it is treated as a necessity. She teaches you to certain norms that you will have to face in adulthood. After all, people also go to work in a certain uniform: a doctor in a dressing gown, a policeman and a military man in uniform, an office worker in a business suit. The problem of the appearance of the form can also be solved if the work of teachers and parents is properly organized and the wishes of the students are taken into account. You can always find an option that everyone will like.
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