ответить на вопросы What is Polytechnic?

Polytechnics are fairly new. They were established by the government in 1966 in order to concentrate in major colleges the large amount of work of university standard being done outside the university. Now there are 30 polytechnics in England and Wales, and 14 similar colleges in Scotland.

In many ways the polytechnics and universities are similar; for example, in much of the work they do. However, there are two important differences. Firstly, universities are autonomous bodies. Secondly, universities award their own degrees.

Polytechnics are teaching institutes. They have more varied courses than any other higher educational institute. They provide courses for various levels.

About two-thirds of Polytechnic graduates get qualifications in subjects of an applied nature and take their first jobs in the field for which they have studied. Polytechnics have close links with commerce and industry.

1. Why were Polytechnics established?

2. In what subjects do the graduates of Polytechnics get qualifications?

We all love weekends, but not all of them are good. Recently I’ve had the worst weekend in my life. As usually I was hoping to spend great time with my family, my friends and my dog, but everything went wrong at that terrible weekend. The morning of Saturday started from an alarming incident. My beloved pet got sick. We had to take Gina to the vet instantly as she was having some breathing problems. As we later found out it was connected with her poor heart. The vet gave her special injection and she got a bit better. When we returned we were quite shocked to see that a part of our flat was flooded. Our neighbors from upstairs forgot to turn off the tap water and the result was terrible. Not only their bathroom but ours too was full of water. So, we spent half of the day cleaning the mess. Apart from water on the floor, there were some problems with the ceiling and walls which quickly became damp. It goes without saying that I had to cancel my meeting with friends. That weekend we were going to visit the cinema and spend some time ice-skating. Alas, these opportunities were lost. Now I had to wait for the next weekend to see them. My school days are usually rather busy and full of other activities. I thought things couldn’t get worse, but in the evening we got an urgent call from my grandma saying that she wasn’t feeling well. So, we didn’t have any supper and drove to her place as quickly as we could. My mum called the doctor and we stayed with her almost till midnight. I’m glad she finally felt better, but I missed my favourite sitcom. Sunday wasn’t fun either, as I spent the whole day cleaning up my room and doing my homework.

1. The first time the Romans invaded Britain in 55 BC.
2. Londinium was the original name of the British capital at the time of the Roman Empire. By 100 AD., the population of Londinium was about 60,000 people. 
3. The Romans left Britain in 410 AD. 
4. William the Conqueror invaded Britain in 1066. He build the White Tower for it to be used as the Keep for himself and his representatives. It was the strongest and the most secure part of the castle and could keep the Royal Family protected in times of civil disorder or invasions. 
5. The Great Fire of London began on September the 2nd, 1666 and it lasted for almost 5 days. One-third of London was destroyed by the fire. 
6. The Great Fire started at the bakery of Thomas Farriner on Pudding Lane. It may have been caused by a spark from his oven which he failed to put out. The fire then quickly spread out because London was very dry after a long, hot summer and a very strong wind blew the fire from house to house in the narrow streets. 
7. The official name is The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
8. When people outside of the UK say "Great Britain" they often mistakenly refer to just England. However, Great Britain refers to England, Scotland and Wales. 
9. Great Britain consists of England (the capital is London), Scotland (the capital is Edinburgh) and Wales (the capital is Cardiff).
10. The Strait of Dover is the narrowest point of the English Channel.
11. No, they are not. People who are born in Great Britain are either called British citizens or individually Scottish, English and Welsh depending on which of the three countries they come from. 
12. The Union Jack is the combination of the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England),  the Cross of St Patrick (patron saint of Ireland) and the Saltire of Saint Andrew (patron saint of Scotland). It symbolises the union between the three kingdoms at the time. Wales is not included because at the time it was part of the Kingdom on England. The Union Jack is red, blue and white, there is the red cross on a white background which represents England (and Wales), the red diagonal cross on a white background which represents Northern Ireland and the white diagonal cross on a blue background which represents Scotland. 
13. The Commonwealth of Nations is the intergovernmental organisation of 52 member states, which are mainly former territories of the British Empire. The Head of the Commonwealth is Queen Elizabeth II. Member states have no legal obligation to one another. Instead, they are united by language, history, culture, free speech, human rights, and the rule of law.
14. The UK is a constitutional monarchy where a sovereign reigns but does not rule. This means that a monarch acts as head of state but the Parliament has the real power. 
15. In Great Britain laws are made by the Parliament. Bills start in either the House of Lords or House of Commons then they go through set stages of approval in both Houses before they can be signed off by the Queen and then they become Acts of Parliament (law).


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