. Read Text 1C “Construction Projects” and answer the following questions. Discuss your answers with your groupmates.
a) What does a construction process involve?
b) What is required for the successful execution of a construction
project?
c) How many types of construction are there?
d) Who ensures positive end results of construction projects?
e) Why can the cost of construction vary?
f) What is the negative outcome of residential construction?
g) What are the new methods of construction characterized by?
h) Why is industrial construction a very important part of the
construction industry?

Construction Projects
In the fields of architecture and civil engineering, construction
is a process that consists of the building or assembling of
infrastructure. Far from being a single activity, large scale
construction is a feat of multitasking. Normally the job is managed
by the project manager and supervised by the construction manager,
design engineer, construction engineer or project architect.
For the successful execution of a project, effective planning is
essential. Those involved with the design and execution of the
infrastructure in question must consider the environmental impact
of the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, site safety,
availability of materials, logistics, inconvenience to the public
caused by construction delays, preparing tender documents, etc.
In general, there are two types of construction: building construction
and industrial construction. Each type of construction project
requires a unique team to plan, design, construct, and maintain
the project.
Building construction is
the process of adding structure
to real property. The vast
majority of building construction
projects are small renovations,
such as addition of a room, or
renovation of a bathroom. The
owner of the property often acts
as labourer, paymaster, and
design team for the entire p ro je c t. H o w e v e r, a ll b u ild in g c o n s tr u c tio n p ro je c ts in c lu d e so m e
e le m e n ts in c o m m o n — d esig n , fin a n c ia l, a n d leg al c o n sid e ra tio n s.
M a n y p ro je c ts o f v a ry in g sizes re a c h u n d e sira b le e n d re su lts, su c h
as s tru c tu ra l c o llap se, c o st o v e rru n s, a n d /o r litig a tio n reaso n . T h o se
w ith e x p e rie n c e in t h e fie ld m a k e d e ta ile d p la n s a n d m a in ta in
c a re fu l o v e rsig h t d u rin g th e p ro je c t to e n su re a p o sitiv e o u tc o m e .
R esid en tial co n stru c tio n tech n o lo g ies a n d reso u rces m u st c o n fo rm
to lo c a l b u ild in g a u th o r ity r e g u la tio n s a n d c o d e s o f p ra c tic e .
M a te r ia ls re a d ily a v a ila b le in th e a r e a g e n e r a lly d ic ta te th e
c o n s tr u c tio n m a te ria ls u s e d (e.g . b ric k v e rsu s s to n e o r tim b e r).
T h e c o st o f c o n s tru c tio n o n a p e r sq u a re m e tre b a sis f o r h o u se s
c a n v a ry d ra m a tic a lly b a s e d o n site c o n d itio n s , lo c a l re g u la tio n s,
e c o n o m ie s o f sc a le ( c u s to m d e sig n e d h o m e s a re a lw ay s m o re
e x p e n s iv e to b u ild ) a n d th e a v a ila b ility o f s k ille d w o rk e rs .
R e sid e n tia l a n d all o th e r ty p e s o f c o n s tru c tio n c a n g e n e ra te a lo t o f
w a ste , c a re fu l p la n n in g is n e e d e d a g a in h e re .
T h e p o p u la r m e th o d o f re sid e n tia l c o n s tr u c tio n in th e U n ite d
S ta te s is w o o d fra m e d c o n stru c tio n . A s e ffic ie n c y c o d e s h av e c o m e
in to e ffe c t in r e c e n t y e a rs, n e w c o n s tr u c tio n te c h n o lo g ie s a n d
m e th o d s h av e e m e rg e d . U n iv e rsity C o n s tr u c tio n M a n a g e m e n t
d e p a rtm e n ts are o n th e c u ttin g e d g e o f th e n e w e st m e th o d s o f
c o n s tr u c tio n in te n d e d to im p ro v e e ffic ie n c y , p e r f o r m a n c e a n d
re d u c e c o n s tru c tio n w aste.
I n d u s tria l c o n s tru c tio n , th o u g h a re la tiv e ly sm a ll p a r t o f th e
e n tire c o n s tr u c tio n in d u s try , is a v e ry im p o r ta n t c o m p o n e n t.
O w n e rs o f th e se p ro je c ts a re u su a lly la rg e , fo r - p r o f it, in d u stria l
c o rp o ra tio n s . T h e se c o rp o ra tio n s c a n b e f o u n d in s u c h in d u s trie s
as m e d ic in e , p e tr o le u m , c h e m ic a l, m a n u fa c tu rin g , e tc . P ro c e sse s
in th e s e in d u strie s re q u ire h ig h ly sp e c ia liz e d e x p e rtise in p la n n in g ,
d e s ig n , a n d c o n s tr u c tio n . A s in b u ild in g a n d h e a v y /h ig h w a y
c o n stru c tio n , th is ty p e o f c o n stru c tio n re q u ire s a te a m o f in d iv id u als
to e n s u r e a s u c c e ssfu l p ro je c t.