1)Though simple electric and magnetic phenomena ………… since ancient times, most basic laws of electricity were discovered between 1784 and 1831. a) was known; b) have been known; c) have known
2) After the text about the advantages of electricity………… the students went on reading about the application and consumption of electricity.
a) had read; b) had been read; c) has been read
3) We………… the resistance in each case before we begin to carry out the experiment.
calculate; b) will have calculated; c) will calculate
4) During the autumn of 1831 M. Faraday established the scientific foundation from which our electrical age ………….
a) has developed; b) has been developed; c) developed
5) He assumed that for many years the only practical electric invention made by B. Franklin …………. the lightning-rod.
a) had been; b) has been; c) was
6) In 1825 Sturgeon …………. the first electromagnet, the device in which magnetism was generated by an electric current.
a) exhibited; b) was exhibited; c) had exhibited
7) They claimed that the battery was one of those devices that………… more than once.
a) has been invented; b) had invented; c) had been invented
8) Scientists believe that by the end of the 21-st century the whole mankind…………with the new kinds of energy.
a) will be provided; b) will have been provided; c) will have provided
9) Electricity has provided mankind with the most efficient source of energy. No other source of energy………… so widely used as electricity.
a) have been; b) was; c) has been
10) M. Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction which led to the development of the electric dynamo and motor. He ………… lots of experiments before he published the results.
a) has made; b) made; c) had made

Iwent to the us when i was 15 years old. i and my mom met with my dad in the germany. we spent there a week. it was the first time when i went abroad. when we got out of airplane we saw beautiful building of frankfurt airport. it was impressing. people there didn’t look like people in russia. then we went to get a taxi cab. that’s was awesome! the temperature was warm. i couldn’t believe in it. because when we left tomsk it was snowing, and now sun was shining. then an other thing which surprised me was that i could communicate with people who couldn’t speak my native language. hotel was very nice. all personal was smiling at us. i liked my room. it was big with nice windows. i could see the city at night, it was amazing. i was sad when we left germany. then i spend almost nine hours in the airplane. we flow above the atlantic ocean. we had arrived to the us around midnight. the airport building was not as big as in germany. when we went outside the building it was warm, fresh air smelt like just cut grass. i and my family get into the car. it was a big car. in america people call it the track. the sits were a little bit cold. my dad drove through the night town, it was way after midnight the streetlights were shining but the light from them was too small for me to see everything around. all i could see was the forest. it’s scared me, because i’m a city girl i don’t like spend too many time outside the town. then we drove near the lake, it was big, and my dad said “hey anna, look there are a deer! “ first time in my life i saw a real deer! i was so exited. then we got our house, o my god! it was huge and nice. my dad showedme my new room, i was tired and when i saw a bed i fell asleep almost as soon as i put my head on pillow. in my window i saw a lot of lights. on a morning when ever i woke up i saw a forest and like right in front of my window. i went up stairs everyone was awake. my dad took me with him to down town, we got into a truck. i was surprised that everything was green already, as i said before it was just april. town called rogers in a arkansas state was not so big. we drove around and i saw my new school. everything was totally different. i felt like person from a different planet.

My sister's son is a student. he studies well at school. he doesn't get bad marks, as a rule. my sister usually helps him to do lessons. i haven't got a sister, but i have four brothers. two of them finished studying at university last year, and another two of them studying at school. this young woman is a engeneer. she works at a big factory. she has a lots work. every morning she takes her little son to kindergarden. klimov is an old worker. he hasn't grandson, but he has two granddaughters. one of them was born seven years ago, and another one was born last year.