In both essay writing and public speaking our goal is to convey information clearly and concisely or even to convert the reader or listener to our way of thinking. To achieve these goals you should remember to connect your ideas so that your audience can easily follow them. In other words you should use linking words and phrases, or transitions.
Read the following two paragraphs. How are they different?
Paragraph 1
There are many causes of air pollution. There is the use of private cars. This can cause many breathing problems because of fumes. Other forms of transport cause air pollution, these are buses, boats and motorcycles. Factories produce gasses that go into the air causing pollution. These things make people's health suffer.
Paragraph 2
To begin with, there are many causes of air pollution. Firstly, there is the use of private cars. This can cause many breathing problems because of fumes. Furthermore, other forms of transport cause air pollution, for example buses, boats and motorcycles. In addition, factories produce gasses that go into the air causing pollution. All in all, these things make people's health suffer.
This is an example of how using linking words and phrases can improve the quality of your speech. Note how the ideas flow more smoothly, and the logical relationships between the ideas are expressed clearer in the second paragraph.Most pieces of formal writing and presentations are organised in a similar way: introduction, development of main ideas or arguments, and conclusion. Linking words and phrases act like bridges between parts of your writing. They join each part together as well as sentences and paragraphs within each part or even two ideas within one sentence. Transitions are not just verbal techniques that decorate your paper or speech by making them sound or read better. They are words with particular meanings that tell the reader (listener) to think and react in a particular way to your ideas.
Маркеры времени Present Simple
time to timeвремя от dayкаждый деньevery weekкаждую неделюevery monthкаждый месяцevery yearкаждый годon Mondaysпо понедельникамat the weekendна выходныхat weekendsпо выходнымat 7 o'clockв 7 часовМаркеры времени Past Simple
yesterdayвчераМаркеры времени Future Simple
tomorrowзавтраthe day after вечеромone of these daysна дняхnext weekна следующей неделеnext monthв следующем месяцеnext yearв следующем годуin an hourв течение часаin a minuteв течение (the) futureв будущемМаркеры времени Present Progressive (Present Continuous)
nowсейчасstillвсё ещёat the momentв данный моментМаркеры времен Past Progressive (Past Continuous) и Future Progressive (Future Continuous)
all day longцелый деньall night longвсю ночьall the timeвсе времяat that momentв тот моментwhileв то время, какat 5 o'clockв 5 часовМаркеры времени Present Perfect
neverникогдаjustтолько чтоalwaysвсегдаyetеще не (-), уже (?)alreadyуже (.)this weekна этой неделеlately/of lateза последнее времяrecentlyнедавноfor agesцелую вечностьeverкогда-либоМаркеры времен Past Perfect и Future Perfect
by…к…by the timeк тому времениbefore…до…Маркеры времен Present/Past/Future Perfect Continuous
all day longцелый деньbyк…beforeдо…sinceс… (какого-либо времени)forв течение… (какого-либо времени)
