1.Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. (Образец №4) 1.The experiment has been carried out successfully, and the results will soon be published. 2.As far as I know the experiment is being carried out. 3. This experiment is much spoken about. 4.This experiment was followed by another one.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1.One has to keep to the left when driving in Great Britain. 2.He said that that “that” that is before the noun is a pronoun.3.It is precast concrete construction that cut the time needed to put up a house.

3.Перепишите предложения, переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1.He didn’t do anything to help him with his work. 2.They have been in construction for many years. 3.The experiment is to be carried out in December.

4.Перепишите следующие предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на отсутствие союзов в придаточных предложениях.
1.The part the stability of the building depends on is the framework. 2.He said he had already translated the text
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5.Перепишите предложения и переведите, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1.If the beam is too long its weight makes it bend and even break. 2.The first step to take is to cut working hours. 3.To improve your English you should go to an English speaking country and practise as much as possible. 4. To know English well means to be able to communicate with the English people.

6.Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Переведите письменно 1,2,3,4,5 абзацы.

From the History of Tunnel Construction

1.The first excavated passages beneath the earth were found in many of the ancient civilizations archeologists have investigated in recent years. It is established that natural tunnels and other results of water action, which are frequently found in limestone, first suggested to early man the idea of an artificial passage through rock.
2.The uses tunnels were specially constructed for were numerous; water man needed in the locality of towns and settlements was one of the main purposes. Road construction was another activity of man that required making an artificial passage through hills the builders encountered in their way.
3.Historians tell us that Egyptian Pharaohs who undertook the construction of rock-cut galleries over 750 feet long were the first tunnel builders.
4.Underground temples we see in Malta are at least 5,000 years old. The tunnel under the river Euphrates was probably the first submarine tunnel we know about.
5.The Romans were especially skilled in tunnel construction because of the improvements in methods they effected. They knew that a rock cracked when strongly heated and then suddenly cooled and applied this principle in all cases when the builders encountered a solid rock to be cut through.
6.The Romans have introduced the use of fire into tunnel construction and vinegar as a cooling agent because it was discovered that the acid nature of vinegar disintegrated the rock chemically as well as physically. The sufferings of the slaves who had to apply such methods can hardly be imagined.
7.Accurate location and construction methods depend on the rock the tunnel is to be driven through. Although powerful machines are applied in modern tunnel construction their work is stopped by hard rock formations such as marble and granite. In this respect the discovery of the rock-shattering property of the laser light is of tremendous importance for civil engineering.

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Пояснения к тексту:
1.rock-cut gallery – проход (галерея), вырезанный в горной (каменной) породе
2.effect – создавать, разработать
3. vinegar – уксус
4.as well as – а также
5. in this respect – в этом отношении

7.Перепишите следующие утверждения. Определите, какие из них соответствуют тексту, а какие нет. Напротив правильных предложений напишите “True” (Верно).
1.The Romans didn’t use vinegar because the slaves suffered badly.
2.The discovery of the laser light plays an important part in tunnel construction.
3.Construction methods used by tunnel builders depend on the rock formations.