Examination card №12

I. Read and translate the text.

William Shakespeare

There have been many great writers in the history of English literature, but
there is no doubt about which writer was the greatest. Many people consider
William Shakespeare to have been the best writer who ever lived.
Shakespeare’s most famous plays include Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth,
Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Julius Caesar. Usually, Shakespeare did not
invent the stories that he told in his plays. Instead, he wrote his plays using
stories that already existed. However, Shakespeare’s plays told these stories
in a more interesting way than ever before. Some of the stories were
tragedies, some were comedies, and some described historical events.
In his plays, Shakespeare revealed a very wide knowledge of many areas of
life. The characters in his plays discuss many different topics, often with the
knowledge of experts. But what is even more impressive about these plays is
Shakespeare’s use of the English language. His vocabulary was very large,
and Shakespeare seems to have introduced many words to the language! Also,
many of the phrases that are said by Shakespeare’s characters are now used in
everyday conversation. Today, writers often use quotations from
Shakespeare’s plays in their own works.
But perhaps even the most impressive features of Shakespeare’s plays are
the characters within them. The many characters in his plays seem very
different from each other, but they seem very realistic. The emotions they
feel, the words they say, and the actions they perform are all easily
understood. Many people who watch one of Shakespeare’s plays will find that
they know people who remind them somewhat of the characters in those
plays.

II. Put a question to a sentence

1. He will tell us about his work.
2. She has some flowers.
3. He has lived in England for fifty years.

Moscow is the capital of Russia. It is the main political, economic, educational and cultural centre of this country. Moscow is the seat of our Government. President of Russia lives and works there.

Moscow is situated on the Moskva river. The city was founded more than 800 years ago by Yury Dolgoruki.

There are many places of interest in our capital. The heart of Moscow is Red Square. The Moscow Kremlin and St. Basil's Cathedral are masterpieces of Russian architecture. For those who are fond of art the best place to visit is the Tretyakov Gallery or the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts. The Gallery contains hundreds of masterpieces not only of Russian art but also of many other countries. Moscow is proud of the Bolshoi, Maly and Art theatres. Moscow is the scientific centre, too. The Academy of Sciences of Russia, the oldest university, many schools of higher education, colleges and scientific institutions are located there.

Environment - a set of components of the environment, natural and man-made natural objects and man-made objects.
Components of the environment - land, minerals, soils, surface and ground water, air, flora, fauna and other organisms, as well as the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth space, providing a set of favorable conditions for the existence of life on Earth.
Pollution - into the environment of matter and (or) energy, property, location or number of which have a negative impact on the environment.
Contaminant - a substance or mixture of substances, the number and (or) concentrations exceed established for chemical substances, including radioactive and other substances and microorganisms standards and have a negative impact on the environment.
Air pollution - a really serious problem. Air is composed of oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor, and, thanks to our civilization, of a variety of toxic particles. The more of these particles in the air is, the less room is left in the atmosphere for oxygen.
   The problem of air pollution is not limited to the space outside. The air inside our homes and offices can be as dangerous to your health. The main source of pollution - cigarette smoke, but it is not the only one. Toxins are allocated even when you just cook. Every time you scratch the Teflon non-stick coating is allocated enough toxins to kill a canary.
 Greenhouse effect, which we all have been associated with the phenomenon of global warming, caused by toxic gases. The main enemy of clear atmosphere - methane. It is released from the decomposition of sewage.
Greatly affects our waterways. In every neighborhood, in every city there drain sewer, storm water from the highways and municipal enterprises directly into the river. Everything goes into the water, passing minor cleaning steps.