valeriya210322
16.03.2021 15:44

Read the text and match each paragraph including the introduction with its heading (1-6). It is necessary to prove your choice of the heading with some key words or key phrases from the text in brackets. You can use each heading once. There is one extra heading.

1. Fewer worries than today

2. Looking after the horses

3. Bonding as a team

4. This is a man’s world

5. Under pressure from the job – and the outfit!

6. A history lesson

(Introduction) In a country house In Edwardian Ensland', life would have been very different indeed for the family members and the servants. In a smooth-runnins household, the servants were supposed to be out of sisht and out of mind. Strict rules told them when to set up, bathe and eat, who to speak to and how to dress. To see what life was really like in a country house in Edwardian Ensiand, 19 people took roles as family members and servants for a reality show. Here’s what some of the participants had to say after three months of life upstairs and downstairs.

(Para A) Laura "Within hours of entering the house, we were living as if we were truly Edwardians - whether the cameras were around or not. As a member of the family, there wasn’t a lot for me to do. We went horse-riding and had singing lessons; despite the fact that I can’t hit a note, within a few minutes the tutor had got me to feel confident so I was very pleased with that. One thing that I really didn’t like was the loss of my freedom. A woman was the possession of her father or husband and I had to stay in the background and learn how to be very quiet. I actually found myself feeling very angry on behalf of Edwardian women who had to live their whole lives that way! It was a great experience, but I’m glad to be back in the 21st century with all my comforts!”

(Para B) Sheila “To begin with, I found it quite difficult in my role as housekeeper. The emotional stress was the biggest shock to me. Having to organise 19 people was really challenging at times. I had to be very strict, but I found that it wasn’t in my nature. It wasn’t easy for the maids, either. Perhaps it was easier in those days; the girls that I was in charge of were intelligent young people who had studied and travelled whereas 100 years ago they would have been girls from the village who would have been overjoyed to get any job. One of the worst things about it all was the uncomfortable uniform. I could hardly breathe as the corset I was wearing was so tight! I enjoyed doing the orders, the bookkeeping and the stocktaking so that we wouldn’t run out of anything - the business management side of things. Overall, I liked being in that big house and in the later weeks, I even made some friends.”

(Para C) John “We didn’t have a clue about what we were supposed to do at the start. I was in the role of second footman, which involved polishing boots and silver and carrying huge trays of dinner behind the first footman, with whom I had to share a small room. The pressure intensified when one kitchen maid quit after just two days. With another job to cover, we worked without time off. I found it difficult to get used to being ordered around by the butler. He strictly enforced all the Edwardian codes - we weren’t even allowed to talk at dinner, - but by the end, the house was like a well-oiled machine. In a strange way, being a servant made life easier. My meals were cooked for me, my clothes were washed and I didn’t have to worry about paying bills. All I had to think about was the needs of the family upstairs. Even though I wouldn’t want to do this again, it gave me a taste of the past.”
(Para D) Helen “I didn’t have any contact with the family upstairs, but being in the kitchen was great. I’ll always remember the nights when all the staff used to sit up chatting after work. We were all tired and we knew we’d have to get up really early the next morning well before the family rose, but the conversations were so engrossing - we were like one big happy family. There were downsides, though. I didn’t enjoy others telling me what to do just because they were in a higher position and the other thing I didn’t like was just having one bath a week. I was working for 16 hours a day, washing-up or mopping and getting my hands wet; as a result, my skin became all cracked; my hands were filthy all the time and my nails all broke off. I think the whole experience made me more confident, but when it was over I realised how much I’d been looking forward to a Sunday meal and not having to get up and work afterwards.”

Introduction –

Para A –

Para B –

Para C –

Para D –

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aalenka471
22.07.2022 10:05

Hobbies for children are not only fun, but it is also an opportunity to try and choose the interest of their future profession and find talents. Children can try to choose their hobbies, asking themselves questions like: "What would I like to do regularly in the afternoon, what would I like to learn?" Hobby is something that we like to do and that makes us happy. It is the occupation which people like to do when they have free time and when they want to keep themselves busy. Also, hobby helps people to forget their problems. Everyone has his own hobby. Some collect stamps and coins, the others are wild about music and drawing. Women like knitting and sewing. The favorite thing to do for some men is fishing. A hobby of many people is reading books. They read everything they get into their hands. Book lovers have their own small libraries at home. But they often visit school and city libraries, as there they can find new and interesting books for themselves and their friends.

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lubovsalamatova
07.01.2023 16:23

The Russian constitution guarantees both men and women equal rights. And business has long ceased to be male territory. Women executives, executives and business owners are not uncommon. It was once customary to say that there is no male or female management style, but there are professionals and non-professionals. Moreover, experts also often could not give an unambiguous answer about male and female styles in management.

But the legal framework is not able to make everyone the same - some studies show that gender differences in management styles do exist.

Control styles

Management style is a system of actions of a manager that is aimed at employees and serves to achieve business goals. Several scientific theories (McGregori, Strogdill, Likert, Mitchell and House) describe the concept of management style. The main goal they pursue is to improve the performance of managers. And they all in one way or another refer to the classification introduced by the psychologist Kurt Lewin. He divided leadership styles into three clusters:

Authoritarian. Power is concentrated in the hands of one person.

Democratic. Managed by the group.

Liberal. The power of everyone. This style is also called anarchic.

With an authoritarian leadership style, the manager himself completely determines the methods and directions of work. Communication in the team is official, the opinion of employees does not play a decisive role. One of the features of this approach is a high degree of control over subordinates.

In a democratic style, collegiality prevails, the instructions of the leader are often based on the opinion of subordinates. Responsibilities are decentralized.

In a liberal management style, the manager is removed from the team leadership process, often acting as an intermediary for employees. He only gives them data and tools to work with.

Gender: male and female management style

According to psychologist E.P. Ilyin, male leaders are characterized by a low level of communication and empathy. They are conservative and aggressive. Women, in contrast to men, are more inclined to empathy, social partnership, successfully unite the team and motivate employees to perform difficult tasks.

Researchers Elvira Gizametdinova and Rail Uraev in the article "Gender Differences in Management" provide the following data:

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