Определите функцию подчёркнутой глагольной формы (Participle I, Gerund).

1. The result of vertical or convection currents is that the air in moving upward

expands and cools, causing precipitation.

2. Experience can be gained only by observing weather conditions and by pre-

paring and studying weather maps.

3. A study of successive weather maps, tracing the movement of the weather, is

essential to the problem of forecasting.

4. Depressions travel over the islands from west to east, bringing heavy rain.

5. The barometer is an instrument for determining atmospheric pressure.

6. Climate of big cities is only one small problem facing mankind.

7. In changing water into ice its composition is not changed.

8. So far as temperature is concerned, Britain is fortunate in having warmer winters than other districts in the same latitude.​​

I like New Year's Day, it is my favourite holiday. The 1st of January is a winter holiday and now it is the first day of the New Year.

Peter the First changed the Russian calendar in 1699. He made the 31st of December, 1699 the last day of the year. The first of January 1700 became New Year's Day.

The 1st of January is in the middle of winter. The weather is usually fine and there is a lot of snow everywhere. As the 1st of January is a holiday I don't go to school and my parents don't go to work.

We usually have got a very interesting New Year's party at school. We have got it on the 28th or 29th of December.

Our family prepares for this holiday beforehand. My father buys and brings home a beautiful New Year's tree at the end of December. Our family has a tradition to buy it. I like to decorate the New Year's tree with toys, little coloured lights, sweets and a beautiful star on the top.

My mother and grandmother prepare our holiday supper and lay the table. I make a cake.

All the members of our family clean the flat before this nice holiday and then each of us try to dress well. We like to see the New Year in at home with our relatives. They come to see us at 11 o'clock in the evening.

At 12 o'clock we are sitting at the table and we are glad to see the New Year in. We say, "Best wishes for the New Year!"

I hope that next year will be better than the last one.

The New Year's Day is always connected with our new hopes and dreams.

It is a pleasant moment to get presents on the New Year's Eve.

We use money every day to pay for things we buy.

Thousands of years ago, the money was not used. Instead, man had the “barter” system. This meant that if one wanted something he had, he had to find someone who had this thing. Then he had to offer him something in exchange. And if that person didn't like what he was offered, the first man couldn't get what he needed.

Over time, certain things were used as money, because virtually everyone would take these things in exchange. In the past people used shells, beads, beans, cocoa, salt, grain, tobacco, leather, and even cattle. But coins are much easier to use than, say, cattle. Them easy to store and carry.

They were first made from either gold or silver. They were imprinted with the brand name. Printing was showing how much each coin was worth.
Later, people began to use coins made of cheaper metals. Metal just had no value, but the coins still had value on the basis of printing, imprinted on them. People have also started to use paper money. No longer mattered that the money itself had no real value. This is the kind of money we use today.

Money has many forms. For example, this can be coins, bills or electronic money.
Coins is the money of small denomination. Previously, they were made of valuable metals, because the coin itself was valuable. Now they are made from cheap materials.
Due to the fact that a large number of coins was not convenient to carry, came up with paper money. They are made with special characters, so you can't fake them. First, a currency of mistrust, but then people got used to it and started to use.
Today electronic money has become one of the main ways of payment for goods and services. Electronic money is very convenient to pay for purchases in online stores. The first electronic money began to produce in 1994 in the United States. They have gained popularity and within a year took their payment system. Electronic money has become much more convenient. And the card was smaller than bill.

In the big shopping malls are not only shopping but also food courts where you can buy any food and drink what you want. Also, there are a variety of entertainment movie small parks. And for the convenience of visitors, many shopping centers are open until late at night in these centers have recreational areas with benches, decorations, special conditions for disabled elderly as well as in some stores for the convenience of the teller.