So...De-extinction is the process of creating an organism which is – or greatly resembles – a member of an extinct species (1). Contemporary biotechnology offers various promising alternatives for achieving this purpose, including the techniques that have already been applied to preserving endangered species (2). De-extinction requires an in-depth study of the biophysical conditions where the species can live and reproduce in relation to other species – including humans – and adapt to the environmental changes. In any case, risk and harm evaluation on the impact of the “re-birth” of species is necessary. There is a number of crucial ethical issues concerning de-extinction. They include the meanings of concepts such as “nature,” “species,” “evolution,” “biodiversity,” “death,” and “wildlife” in relation to human behavior and human impact on nature (3). In 2013, de-extinction became popular through press and public events; the National Geographic devoted a cover story to this topic and presented various possibilities and scenarios about the most suitable candidates. The Revive & Restore network, with the support of TED and in partnership with the National Geographic Society, convened the TEDxDeExtinction conference bringing together conservationists, genetic technology practitioners, scientists, and ethicists (http://www.ted.com/tedx/events/7650). Because the revival of extinct animals inspires imagination (4), de-extinction has been a topic of science fiction novels, such as John Brosnan’s Carnosaur (1984) and Michael Crichton’s Jurassic Park (1990) and their film adaptations.
Following a systematic philosophical and ethical analysis on animal de-extinction in the context of ecological restoration (3), this article analyzes de-extinction from the standpoint of bio-objectification and considers how de-extinction is a case of bio-objectification.
1.Designing any machine, the engineer must know what work it must perform.
2. The equipment needed for the experiment was carefully checked. 3. Water is the most efficient agent, having a high heat transfer coefficient and a high heat capacity.
1. Изобретая любую машину/устройство, инженер должен знать, какую работу оно будет производить/выполнять.
2. Оборудование, необходимое для эксперимента была тщательно проверено.
3. Вода является наиболее эффективным проводником, т.к. имеет высокий коэффициент теплопередачи и обладает высокой теплоемкостью. ИЛИ 3. Обладая высоким коэффициентом теплопередачи и высокой теплоекмкостью, вода явлестя лучшим проводником.
